Forging a Path: Black Canadian Leadership and Resilience During the First World War

This year, as we celebrate Black History Month, our focus shifts towards celebrating Black leadership and highlighting the courageous efforts of Black Canadians who fought for their right to serve in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces (CEF). On September 7th, 1915, George Morton, a barber, letter carrier, and civil rights advocate from Hamilton, Ontario, took a bold step by addressing a letter to the Minister of Militia and Defence, Sir Sam Hughes. In his letter, Morton sought answers regarding the exclusion of Black Canadians from enlisting in the Canadian militia. He questioned whether there were any "absolute rules, regulations, or restrictions which prohibits, disallows, or discriminates against the enlistment and enrolment of colored men of good character and physical fitness as soldiers?"

Similarly, on November 6th, 1914, Arthur Alexander from North Buxton, Ontario, expressed the frustrations of Black Canadians by raising concerns about their exclusion from the Canadian militia. He, too, questioned the barriers faced by Black Canadians in enlisting. These individuals, along with others, exemplified a spirit of resistance and determination in confronting the injustices of their time.

Their letters shed light on the inherent discrimination that Black Canadians faced within the military establishment. Despite the absence of official policies barring their enlistment, systemic barriers persisted, denying them the opportunity to serve their country on equal footing.

The No. 2 Construction Battalion, authorized on July 5, 1916, in Pictou, Nova Scotia, stands as a testament to the perseverance of Black Canadians during World War I. Established by the Black community there in response to discriminatory practices, the battalion provided an avenue for Black Canadians to serve their country despite facing barriers to enlistment in combat roles. Tasked with construction projects on the Western Front, its diverse membership showcased professionalism and dedication, challenging racial stereotypes and paving the way for greater inclusivity within the Canadian Armed Forces. However, due to prevailing racial prejudices, the corps remained primarily designated for labor roles. Nonetheless, the battalion's formation is a reminder of the struggles and achievements of Black Canadians, highlighting their resilience and unwavering commitment to national service.

As we reflect on their struggles and triumphs, let us celebrate the unwavering determination and leadership displayed by Black Canadians in the face of adversity. Their legacy serves as a reminder of the ongoing fight for recognition and equality, inspiring future generations to continue the pursuit of justice and inclusivity.

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Letter by George Morton to Sir Sam Hughes (1915) found in “ENLISTMENT OF COLOURED MEN IN THE CANADIAN MILITIA” Library and Archives Canada. RG24-C-1-a, Volume number: 1206, File number: HQ-297-1-21, File part: 1

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